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certain lethal alleles which act only in some individuals
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in each somatic cell of a normal female, one of the X chromosomes is randomly deactivated. This deactivated X chromosome can be seen as a small, dark-staining structure in the cell nucleus
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Genetic polymorphism
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Prevalent (paplitęs) alleles in a natural population
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Gene modifier affect
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the inheritance pattern of the Mic2 gene is the same as the inheritance pattern of a gene located on autosome even though the Mic2 gene is actually located on the sex chromosomes
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the mechanism of X inactivation
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when heterozygote has a greater reproductive success compared to either corresponding homozygotes
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a second cross in which the sexes and phenotypes are reversed
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a pattern in which the genotype of the mother directly determines the phenotype of her offspring (an inheritance pattern for certain nuclear genes)
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effects of environmental variation on a phenotype
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when two alleles are both expressed in the heterozygous individual
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when the alleles of one gene mask the phenotypic effects of the alleles of another gene
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X-inactivation (also called lyonization) is a process by which one of the two copies of the X chromosome present in female mammals is inactivated
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a symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont actually lives inside the host
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compensation by random X-inactivation, of the dosage of gene material in the cells of males and females carrying X-linked genes
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few genes which are located only on Y chromosome
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that has the potential to cause the death
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chloroplast DNA, chloroplast are a type of plastid that make chlorophyll, a green photosynthetic pigment
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a condition in which phenotype is intermediate between the corresponding homozygoes individuals
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alleles which may kill the organism only when certain environmental conditions prevail
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region that is located near the imprinted gene
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Monoallelic expression
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how the allelic variants of two different genes affect a single trait
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multiple effects of a single gene on the phenotype of an organism
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small colonies of mutants
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when one of the two x chromosomes is turned off
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inheritance of characters transmitted through extranuclear elements (as mitochondrial DNA) in the cytoplasm of the egg
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organelle where genetic material of mitochondria and chloroplasts is located
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the presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell or individual
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the attachement of a methyl group onto a cytosine base – is a common way that eukaryotic genes may be regulated
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a second mutation that reverses the phenotypic effects of a first mutation
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a phenomenon when only one allele of a gene is expressed
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an allele is dominant in one sex but recessive in the opossite sex
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Simple Mendelian inheritance
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the epigenetic phenomenon by which certain genes are expressed in a parent-of-origin-specific manner. If the allele inherited from the father is imprinted, it is thereby silenced, and only the allele from the mother is expressed.
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the trait occurs in only one of the two sexes
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the age when the symptoms of the disease appear
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is an evolutionary theory that explains the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotes
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the genetic material that is found in mitochondria. Mitochondria are structures that convey the energy from food into a form that cells can use
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when the gene function is abolished by creating an organism that is homozygous for a loss-of-function allele
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inheritanace pattern which involves genes that are not located in the cell nucleus
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how the allelic variants of two different genes affect a single trait
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a pattern in which a modification occurs to a nuclear gene or chromosome that alters gene expression, but is not permanent over the course of many generations
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it effects the choice of the X chromosome to be inactivated
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the copies which are not identical due to the accumulation of random changes during evolution
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the allele causing the disease is recessive and located on the x chromosome
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is an evolutionary theory that explains the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotes
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Sex influenced inheritance