unite 4/5 chapter 4 extentions of Medelian in heritance, chapter 5 non-Medelian inheritance gabijukax1998 published on December 17, 20172 responses 0 Questions in vertical order how the allelic variants of two different genes affect a single trait Type answer (16 letters) Genetic polymorphism when heterozygote has a greater reproductive success compared to either corresponding homozygotes when more than one wild-type allele occurs in large populations the copies which are not identical due to the accumulation of random changes during evolution Complementation a second mutation that reverses the phenotypic effects of a first mutation when the alleles of one gene mask the phenotypic effects of the alleles of another gene production of offspring with a wild-type phenotype from parents that both display the same or similar recessive phenotype Heterogamous having unlike gametes, or reproducing by union of such gametes the presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell or individual a pattern in which a modification occurs to a nuclear gene or chromosome that alters gene expression, but is not permanent over the course of many generations chloroplast DNA, chloroplast are a type of plastid that make chlorophyll, a green photosynthetic pigment Type answer (5 letters) a second mutation that reverses the phenotypic effects of a first mutation Suppressor mutation Gene interaction Complementation Simple Mendelian inheritance the inheritance pattern of the Mic2 gene is the same as the inheritance pattern of a gene located on autosome even though the Mic2 gene is actually located on the sex chromosomes traits that are affected by a single gene that is found in two different alleles production of offspring with a wild-type phenotype from parents that both display the same or similar recessive phenotype that has the potential to cause the death Type answer (13 letters) it effects the choice of the X chromosome to be inactivated X-linked allele Xce Xic the genetic material that is found in mitochondria. Mitochondria are structures that convey the energy from food into a form that cells can use nucleoid cpDNA mtDNA a second cross in which the sexes and phenotypes are reversed Type answer (16 letters) organelle where genetic material of mitochondria and chloroplasts is located Type answer (8 letters) region that is located near the imprinted gene Genomic imprinting Gene interaction Imprinting control region ICR the trait occurs in only one of the two sexes Sex limited Sex influenced inheritance X-linked allele a pattern in which the genotype of the mother directly determines the phenotype of her offspring (an inheritance pattern for certain nuclear genes) Maternal inheritance Maternal effect Incomplete dominance in each somatic cell of a normal female, one of the X chromosomes is randomly deactivated. This deactivated X chromosome can be seen as a small, dark-staining structure in the cell nucleus Barr body X-chromosomal controlling element, nucleoid the presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell or individual Peternal leakage heteroplazmy Heterogamous when one of the two x chromosomes is turned off Type answer (14 letters) when the alleles of one gene mask the phenotypic effects of the alleles of another gene Epistasis Suppressor mutation Paralogs certain lethal alleles which act only in some individuals Lethal allele Semilathal allele Condition lethal allele Gene modifier affect the alleles of one gene modify the phenotypic effect of the alleles of a different gene a condition in which phenotype is intermediate between the corresponding homozygoes individuals how the allelic variants of two different genes affect a single trait small colonies of mutants Type answer (7 letters) the age when the symptoms of the disease appear Type answer (12 letters) compensation by random X-inactivation, of the dosage of gene material in the cells of males and females carrying X-linked genes Complementation Dosage compensation Imprinting control region inheritanace pattern which involves genes that are not located in the cell nucleus Maternal inheritance Epigenetic inheritance Extranuclear (cytoplasmic) inheritance the copies which are not identical due to the accumulation of random changes during evolution Pleiotrophy Epistasis Paralogs when heterozygote has a greater reproductive success compared to either corresponding homozygotes Type answer (13 letters) inheritance of characters transmitted through extranuclear elements (as mitochondrial DNA) in the cytoplasm of the egg Type answer (20 letters) the allele causing the disease is recessive and located on the x chromosome Type answer (15 letters) is an evolutionary theory that explains the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotes Gene interaction Condition lethal allele Endosymbiosis theory alleles which may kill the organism only when certain environmental conditions prevail Lethal allele Monoallelic expression Condition lethal allele how the allelic variants of two different genes affect a single trait Type answer (16 letters) is an evolutionary theory that explains the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotes Endosymbiosis theory Pleiotrophy Lyon hypothezis a phenomenon when only one allele of a gene is expressed Type answer (22 letters) a pattern in which a modification occurs to a nuclear gene or chromosome that alters gene expression, but is not permanent over the course of many generations Epigenetic inheritance Maternal inheritance Endosymbiosis theory the attachement of a methyl group onto a cytosine base – is a common way that eukaryotic genes may be regulated nucleoid DNA methylation mtDNA when the gene function is abolished by creating an organism that is homozygous for a loss-of-function allele Gene knockout Holandric gene Gene modifier affect Gene interaction how the allelic variants of two different genes affect a single trait when two alleles are both expressed in the heterozygous individual when the gene function is abolished by creating an organism that is homozygous for a loss-of-function allele an allele is dominant in one sex but recessive in the opossite sex Sex limited Sex influenced inheritance Heterogamous a condition in which phenotype is intermediate between the corresponding homozygoes individuals Epistasis heteroplazmy Incomplete dominance when two alleles are both expressed in the heterozygous individual codominance Incomplete dominance overdominance the inheritance pattern of the Mic2 gene is the same as the inheritance pattern of a gene located on autosome even though the Mic2 gene is actually located on the sex chromosomes Type answer (27 letters) the mechanism of X inactivation X-linked allele Lyon hypothezis Wild-type alleles Sex influenced inheritance the trait occurs in only one of the two sexes that has the potential to cause the death an allele is dominant in one sex but recessive in the opossite sex Monoallelic expression a phenomenon when only one allele of a gene is expressed an allele is dominant in one sex but recessive in the opossite sex the allele causing the disease is recessive and located on the x chromosome Peternal leakage multiple effects of a single gene on the phenotype of an organism the transmission of mitochondrial DNA through the males having unlike gametes, or reproducing by union of such gametes the epigenetic phenomenon by which certain genes are expressed in a parent-of-origin-specific manner. If the allele inherited from the father is imprinted, it is thereby silenced, and only the allele from the mother is expressed. Imprinting control region ICR Genomic imprinting Dosage compensation multiple effects of a single gene on the phenotype of an organism Type answer (11 letters) effects of environmental variation on a phenotype Type answer (16 letters) X-inactivation (also called lyonization) is a process by which one of the two copies of the X chromosome present in female mammals is inactivated Xce Xic X inactivation few genes which are located only on Y chromosome Type answer (14 letters) a symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont actually lives inside the host endosymbiosis Extranuclear inheritance Epistasis Prevalent (paplitÄ™s) alleles in a natural population Type answer (17 letters)
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